Meant to Be

Meant to Be These first 3 weeks at MIT can best described as a whirlwind of new faces, parties, spontaneous fun activities, late-night chats, pset-induced stress (yes, already), and of course free food. Already, many notable events have happened in my life. I experienced the best FPOP ever aka DPD, travelled to all parts of Boston in a mere 4 hours, had fun at REX events, survived a hurricane, visited too many club booths at the activities midway, enjoyed a free steak and lobster dinner (yes, the free food around here isnt limited to pizza), spent a night in the New England Aquarium, and finished my first MIT pset. As you can imagine, its been hard to devote my precious minutes to blogging merely because Im at MIT and there are ALWAYS amazing things happening on campus. Nevertheless, my love for the blogs and the people who read the blogs brings me here to my computer on a beautiful afternoon. Last Friday marked the end of my first full week of classes at MIT. Despite the fact that Ive only been here for a couple days, these are general things that I have noticed about MIT and myself. Lets start off with a quick biology question:Q: Whats the best way to entice an MIT student to go do something? A: Free food! Almost every one of the 100s of emails advertising activities at MIT have mentioned free food (this makes freshmen 15 unavoidable). Anyways the point is that I feel that at almost any time at MIT on campus, there is free food lurking about somewhere. I think in numbers. The other day, I called one of my friends back home. This is how our conversation went down:Friend: What classes are you taking? Me: 7.012, 8.01, 18.02, 3.986 -Awkward Silence- Me: Oh right that makes no sense to you Ive realized that those numbers which made no sense to me a mere 2 weeks ago have now officially been internalized. They grow on you. (For those of you curious, in order my classes are: Intro Biology, Physics I: Classical Mechanics, Calc II, and Intro to Archaeology) Psets are like siblings. You love them because you know theyll be helpful to you one day in the future, but you hate them because you have to put up with them until they become useful. Haha. Just kidding. I have a younger brother that I love dearly (: But really MIT PSETS ARE HARD. Helpful, but HARD. Its absolutely true that they encourage collaboration here via psets. The people here are shocking. In a good way. Every person that Ive met here has done some amazing things or is incredibly talented in some spectacular way. Together, we make up a diverse class which makes for an amazing culture of intellectual stimulation and enlightenment. Im always learning new things from other classmates, and theyre so happy to teach others about their hobbies/passions. Lastly, the friends you make here make every stressful moment worth it. Whenever youre feeling stressed about the millions of things that you have due tomorrow, there are ALWAYS people there to help you feel better. There are those friends who are in the same boat with you and spend hours crammed in your tiny room trying to solve the hard problems together and occasionally doing something really awkward that causes everyone to laugh so hard they cant stop laughing. Then there are those geniuses (who I liken to Superman and Wonder Women) who, having already finished all their psets for this week are waiting for the newest psets to come out, come in your hour of distress to save the day! Lastly, there are your dormmates who will randomly decide to bust into your room and drag you out to go play wiffle ball in the halls These are the moments when I know I was meant to be here. Finding your fit, as Connie talked about, is about finding where you feel comfortable because you relate to others around you or aspire to become like those around you. Every day Ive been at MIT so far, Ive had both those feelings. I know MIT is home, a place where I belong. After all some things are meant to be.

Bernard Madoff s The Ponzi Scheme - 853 Words

Being an investor and investment adviser, Bernard Madoff started off his career as a legitimate and successful businessman also serving as chairman of NASDAQ for several years. Being well respected and unfortunately blindly trusted, Bernard Madoff began to collect investors and clients into his now know Ponzi scheme. Bernard Madoff’s scheme was simply to continually pay high returns to existing clients with the funds brought in by new investors without undertaking in any form of legitimate investment activity. Bernard Madoff was able use his reputation and connections on Wall Street to deceived investors out of billions of dollars by promising high returns with little to no work on their part. They figured it was an easy win on their part, which was ultimately their downfall. Bernard Madoff and even many of his investors and accomplices lacked the desire to demonstrate social responsibility. Solely for the profit, Bernie Madoff and his accomplices created and participated in what can be considered the greatest Ponzi scheme in history. It’s believe that the reason that the scheme went on as long as it did was because the participants were financially rewarded for their silence. Preferred employees were paid well and it bought their silence and loyalty. There was little need or appreciation for honesty and professional business ethics with Madoff and his accomplices when it came to their organization. â€Å"Trust and a good reputation are some of your company’s most valuableShow MoreRelatedBernard Madoff s Ponzi Scheme947 Words   |  4 PagesI am baffled as to how long Bernard Lawrence Madoff’s Ponzi scheme lasted. He started Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC in the summer of 1960, and did not get caught until he turned himself in on December 10, 2008. There are several things he did to keep himself from getting caught, and several things that could have been done to figure out something odd was happening. Two major points aside from the questions that I’m doing to dive into are that Friehling was not independent and theRead MoreBernard Madoff s The Ponzi Scheme Essay993 Words   |  4 PagesIntro/Overview Bernard Madoff ran the worlds largest ponzi schemes; he lost investors approximately seventeen billion dollars in principle. The following report goes through the events in general from begging to end including a description of the fraud committed, the stakeholders involved and the consequences for them, the role of the auditors and finally the outcome for those held responsible for the ponzi scheme. The organisation, time and place Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLCRead MoreThe Enron And Enron s Scams, The Ponzi Scheme Perpetrated By Bernard Madoff Essay1183 Words   |  5 Pagesten years only, we have seen numerous situations associated with collaborative scams which have shaken the people s trust in businesses and also the general economic climate. A few of the many salient frauds are the WorldCom and Enron s scams, the ponzi scheme perpetrated by Bernard Madoff s, the latest accusations of Goldman Sachs tricking option traders to guarantee the company s personal profit. Incidents such as these designed us all, as upcoming corporation professionals as well as marketRead MoreFinancial Crisis Of 2008 Struck The World1398 Words   |  6 Pagesbusiness scams and schemes that became exposed, creating a colossal uproar and unrest around the world. When the stock market collapsed, people all across America took a hit, with 2.4 trillion dollars of the Americans people’s savings vanishing in just a f ew weeks. This financial crisis also brought to light an unprecedented amount of fraud, over exposing people who were cutting corners. One of the most famous scams that surfaced in late 2008 was operated and executed by Bernard Madoff, in which he perpetratedRead MoreA Report On The Ponzi Scheme1627 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary This report provides a breakdown and assessment of the Ponzi scheme run by American swindler and former stockbroker, investment advisor, and financier Bernard â€Å"Bernie† Madoff. The research draws attention to the biggest fraudulent scheme in U.S. history, emphasizing the use of the so-called Ponzi scheme. Madoff used a variety of techniques that made it difficult to disclose the scam. At the end of each month Madoff sold all stocks and financial instruments so that the hedge fund onlyRead MoreBernard Lawrence Madoff s Life1407 Words   |  6 PagesLawrence â€Å"Bernie† Madoff, American fraudster and a former stockbroker, investment advisor, and financier, born on April 29, 1938. His birth place in Queens, New York. His Birth name â€Å"Bernard Lawrence Madoff.† He was raised in a Jewish family with two siblings. His Mom Sylvia was a daughter of Romanian and Austrian immigrants and a housewife. His parents Ralph and Sylvia Madoff. His father Ralph, a child o f Polish immigrants. And worked as a plumber for many years. In 1932, his parents got marriedRead MoreCase Study : Bernard Madoff Ponzi Scheme957 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment #1- Ethics Paper Bernard Madoff Ponzi Scheme Bernard Lawrence Madoff was born April 29th 1938 (Editors, 2016) in Queens, New York (Editors, 2016). In 1960 Bernard established Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC (contributions, 2015) a stock brokerage firm on Wall Street. Bernard borrowed $50,000 (Editors, 2016) from his wife’s parents, his father-in-law being a retired CPA and contributing to Bernard’s new firm made it very attractive for investors (Editors, 2016). The firm beganRead MoreBernard Madoff the Fraud of the Century746 Words   |  3 PagesThe Fraud of the Century The Case of Bernard Madoff Summary of the case In December 2008, the highly respected American businessman Bernard Madoff made the headlines when the US authorities accused him of orchestrating a $65 billions Ponzi scheme which is the biggest financial frauds of all time and made of him â€Å" The Conman of the Century†. Bernard Madoff also called   Bernie is a former American businessman, stockbroker, investment advisor, financier and the former non-executiveRead MoreMadoff s Personal And Business Asset Freeze972 Words   |  4 Pagesfinancier, Madoff convinced thousands of investors to hand over their savings, falsely promising consistent profits in return. He was caught in December 2008 and charged with 11 counts of fraud, money laundering, perjury, and theft. Madoff used a so-called Ponzi scheme, which lures investors in by guaranteeing unusually high returns. The name originated with Charles Ponzi, who promised 50% returns on investments in only 90 days. Investigators have determined others were involved in the scheme. SecuritiesRead MoreBernie Madoff Apa Paper1300 Words   |  6 PagesBernard Lawrence â€Å"Bernie† Madoff Shamele Jones Strayer University ENG 215 Professor Erica Ellsworth August 05, 2011 Thesis Bernie Madoff was one of the most prolific Ponzi-scheme artists in history. Madoff schemes netted him millions of dollars. Mr. Madoff used his BMIS Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities a New York Limited Liability company, to commit fraud, money laundering, and perjury. This is just a few things that Mr. Bernard Madoff has done to many innocent investors, who

Resolved Collective Bargaining Rights Assignment

Essays on Resolved Collective Bargaining Rights Assignment The paper "Resolved Collective Bargaining Rights" is a wonderful example of an assignment on management. What are some reasons why workers want to join unions in the public sector? The recent years have witnessed a remarkable market rise in the number of public employees demand to join unions or the public sector. At the same time, public employees have also intensified the demand to act and organize collectively through employee organizations that they choose for themselves. The reasons for this demand are set on the rights of workers so as to avoid labor strife, to ensure the efficiency, and the continuity of the local government and the state, to secure economic stability, as well as develop a harmonious relationship between the employees and the public employer (Wellington and Winter 101). These goals are set to be achieved by the union security provisions by reducing the potential conflicts among public employees, as well as that which can occur between public employees and their employers. The unions in the public sector also set arrangements that tend to stabilize the labor relations between the public sector and their employers. However, there can be potential biases that exist in these directions. For this reason, it is extremely imperative to keep in mind the reasons for understating the relative strengths that may occur in the public sector unionism (Wellington and Winter 120).What is an effective budget strategy for unions?The effective budgeting strategy helps in efficient management of money. Viewing personal budgeting and budgeting for unions is a realistic assessment for living standards. This is attributed to the fact that unions are supposed to set their financial goals, such as pensions, savings, among others. They should also focus on what is set to be addressed. This makes an analysis of the financial requirements vital in financial coalitions (Wellington and Winter 207). There should be a shared mission, vision, and action plans as part of an effective budget strategy for unions. This shared financial commitment helps in communication and decision making.

Hitler in His Mind Free Essays

Adolf Hitler was known to be a somewhat of monster, and a villian, which is true in the opinions of quite a few throughout history. What Hitler accomplished is astonishing, he was a brilliant man who knew how manipulate people and their way of thinking. But, what is most intriguing about Hitler is his personality and disturbed mind. We will write a custom essay sample on Hitler: in His Mind or any similar topic only for you Order Now Robert G. L. Wiate and his book titled The Psychopathis God: Adolf Hitler discusses Hitler and his personality triats that led to his outrageous ideas and actions. Waite as a author is able to not create a judgement of Hitler and his and write more about Hitler as a person and why he was the way he was. Hitler had many issues that disturbed his mind, such as, his past and childhood experiences, his enourmous amount of phobias and obsessions that consumed his mind, his sexual experiences and his behavior toward sex, and of course the most well known personal hatred toward Jews. Skipping around a little bit in Waite’s book, in Chapter 3, Waite discussed Hitler’s childhood and family history. Hitler’s childhood experiences led to his later on in life obsessions and phobias that were to consume his thinking. Waite is able to find the facts about his childhood to help explain how Hitler’s mind became warped into his way of thinking. Hitler’s childhood was full of death and, abandonment and bad habits. These experiences help explain why he became a vegetarian, his fascination with death and suicide as well as his phobia of being alone. All of these personality triats he became known for were due to his childhood experiences and lifestyle. In my opinion, Hitler’s psychological traits were due to his past. While a boy in Vienna, he was mocked and riduculed. As a child he was strickened with the death of his mother. These types of experiences can create major personality malfunctions later in life. In the first chapter, Waite discusses Hitler’s personality traits and his odd obsessions and daily way of living. One issue that would amaze any reader of Waite’s book is learning about Hitler and his actual ways of thinking rather than just what his factual actions as one of the greatest leaders and manipulator of all time. What is so astonishing is how someone ith such odd obsessions, such as the exact measurements of a body and proportion and positioning of the body, or his obsession with blood and his childish behavior as an adult. Wait’s evidence on Hitler’s manipulating skills is impressive. Waite decribes Hitler as being a man who would use â€Å"brotherhood† and shared experiences to convince people that what they were doing to the Jewish population was alright. In my opinion, Hitler’s psychological explanations for his behavoir is simple. He was a man who was set in his ways and when his way of how life should be ran and lived, he created another obsession in his mind to conquer that obstacle. Unfortunately for Hitler, his past experiences led to his thinking to be irrational and almost manic like. He would use his hatred for his fathers death caused by use of tabacco, as a way to lead a clean life, which in reality is a habit to form, but unfortunately for Hitler, this â€Å"clean† way of living, lead to a more toxic and harmful environment for himself. Waite describes Hitler as using his bad memories as a child to fix what he felt was wrong with society, unfortunately for Hitler, his mind went out of control to be controlling, and â€Å"perfect†. As far as Hitler and women, he looked at them as their primary purpose to be looked at like a pet. He is quoted to have said â€Å"A woman must be a cute, cuddly, naive little thing—tender, sweet and stupid†, if you read into this statement Hitler made, he expected women to be like trained animals. His sexual experiences were very limited. He was intimate with six different women in his life five of which committed suicide. Hitler had a way of making the women feel inferior and if Adolf was not in their lives then they should not be living their lives at all. Waite describes his sexual and intimate life in contrast with his lack of a motherly figure throughout his entire life. Hitler felt that women were irrational and not capable of being a leader because of women having more of emotional personalities. Hitler’s sexual behavior toward women and sex in general does indicate that this side of his personality wa disturbed. Since reading Waite’s book about Adolf Hitler and his personality and psychological state, a perspective has been put into place for myself concerning Hitler and his terrible actions later in life. This book, puts into perspective just how disturbed and unstable Hitler really was. The question that comes to mind is how can such a manic, unstable, psychologically disturbed man, create such a following of people. The only conclusion that comes to my mind is sheer ignornace of Hitler’s capabilities as leader. The people who supported and followed Hitler were people who benefitted from his actions and power. Waite is able to write a book about Hitler that is interesting and informative about Hitler’s psychological standpoint, which helps make you as the reader understand Hitler’s thinking and exactly how much of his decision making was based on his insanity and obsessions that consumed him. How to cite Hitler: in His Mind, Papers

Symphony free essay sample

The call (major or minor), and more specifically the 3rd note, determines whether the chords played will give off a brighter cheerier sound, or a darker sadder sound. The song starts off with a repeating fast and quiet back and forth sound by the violins, this Is the beat. Then the melody kicks In, with a succession of many pitches going at a very fast pace. After about 15 seconds the harmony Is apparent and starts to overpower the song. The harmony, which is a vertical relationship of two or more pitches together, along with the melody which is a succession of pitches that stand UT, create a fast-pace and thrilling mood.From the beginning of the song up until hen the harmony and melody are apparent, I feel as though I could be on a merry- go-round, starting off slow and eventually reaching a very high speed. This is the affective-reactive meaning the song has on me. We will write a custom essay sample on Symphony or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It evokes emotions of thrill including high speeds, even fear and suspense, as if I was being chased by someone or something. In this piece the instruments being used (that I know of) are the strings, which consist of violins, violas, cliffs, and double basses, oboes, bassoons (horns), flutes, ND clarinets.Each category of instruments (strings or horns) stands out at certain times. I especially enjoy the flutes and clarinets part, when the strings will either stop playing completely or Just get quieter. I believe this piece projects imaginary involvement, because it depicts a: fast, to slow, to a fast/slow dance, to a fast pace. It is constantly going up and down on the scale and is not similar to a lot of other pieces by Mozart himself. Almost a minute into the song, there is a pause, in this time the music went from being very fast and up-beat to slower almost dancing music.At this point I imagine a boy chasing a girl and theyre In love, but when the music transitions after the break from fast and upbeat to slow and calm, the boy caught the girl and they were happy and enjoying one anothers company. This piece was written between the classical and the Romantic era In the sasss. Romanticism does not necessarily refer to romantic love but during the romantic era In music, love was a prevalent topic In many works Including music and literature. Throughout the entire song, It Is hard for me to think of anything but love and romance. Not Just any type of love either but new love, which Is excellent and wild, I Sis I knew what Mozart Intentions were when composing this piece In order for me to get a better understanding of his music. Symphony No. 40 (1 SST Movement)-Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ay Halley ere reason I chose Mozart Symphony No. 40 (1st movement) is because it really Infinite. I enjoy listening to this piece because it gives Off fun and warm vibe at times sounding playful and fast but then it takes on a warmer and somewhat the volume down because the pitch of the violins is so powerful and high.I believe his is because this specific Symphony was composed and performed in G minor. The Chords played will give off a brighter cheerier sound, or a darker sadder sound. The song starts off with a repeating fast and quiet back and forth sound by the violins, this is the beat. Then the melody kicks in, with a succession of many pitches going at very fast pace. After about 1 5 seconds the harmony is apparent and starts to Nee the harmony and melody are apparent, I feel as though I could be on a merry- consist of violins, violas, cellos, and double basses, oboes, bassoons (horns), flutes,Involvement, because it depicts a: fast, to slow, to a fast/slow dance, to a fast pace. It this point I imagine a boy chasing a girl and theyre in love, but when the music This piece was written between the classical and the Romantic era in the sasss. In music, love was a prevalent topic in many works including music and literature. Roughest the entire song, it is hard for me to think of anything but love and romance. Not Just any type of love either but new love, which is exciting and wild. I Knish I knew what Mozart intentions were when composing this piece in order for me to get better understanding of his music.

The Life Of Mao Zedong Essays - Chinese Communists, Free Essays

The Life Of Mao Zedong Essays - Chinese Communists, Free Essays The Life Of Mao Zedong The Life of Mao Zedong Dressed in the drab military uniform that symbolized the revolutionary government of Communist China, Mao Zedong's body still looked powerful, like an giant rock in a gushing river. An enormous red flag draped his coffin, like a red sail unfurled on a Chinese junk, illustrating the dualism of traditional China and the present Communist China that typified Mao. 1 A river of people flowed past while he lay in state during the second week of September 1976. Workers, peasants, soldiers and students, united in grief; brought together by Mao, the helmsman of modern China. 2 He had assembled a revolutionary government using traditional Chinese ideals of filial piety, harmony, and order. Mao's cult of personality, party purges, and political policies reflect Mao's esteem of these traditional Chinese ideals and history. Mao was born on December 26, 1893 in Shao Shan, a village in Hunan Province. 3 His family lived in a rural village where for hundreds of years the pattern of everyday life had remained largely unbroken. 4 Mao's father, the son of a poor peasant, during Mao's childhood however, prospered and become a wealthy land owner and rice dealer. 5 Yet, the structure of Mao's family continued to mirror the rigidity of traditional Chinese society. His father, a strict disciplinarian, demanded filial piety. 6 Forced to do farm labor and study the Chinese classics, Mao was expected to be obedient. On the other hand, Mao remembers his mother was generous and sympathetic. 7 Mao urged his mother to confront his father but Mao's mother who believed in many traditional ideas replied that was not the Chinese way. 8 Mao in his interviews with historian Edgar Snow reports how during his childhood he tried to escape this traditional Chinese upbringing by running away from home. The rebellion Mao claims to have manifested might have distanced Mao physically from his family but, traditional Chinese values were deeply ingrained, shaping his political and personal persona. His father's harshness with dealing with opposition, his cunning, his demand for reverence from subordinates, and his ambition were to be seen in how Mao demanded harmony, order, and reverence as a ruthless dictator. Yet, Mao, was also the kindly father figure for the people of China, as manifested in characteristic qualities of Mao's mother: kindness, benevolence, and patriarchal indulgence. The China that Mao was born into was fast becoming a shell of its former past. The Ch'ing dynasty which had ruled China for 250 years was only 14 years away from its collapse. 9 Peasant rebellions, famines, and riots heralded its failing. For Mao, one particular event when he was just ten years old, left a lasting impression. It both symbolized the deterioration of order in Chinese traditional society and was in sharp contrast to principles of harmony. A group of local villagers rioted for food during a famine in 1903. The leaders were captured, beheaded, and their heads displayed on poles as a warning for future rebels. 10 Amidst the change that quaked the Chinese nation and Mao's family's economic situation, 11 Mao sought solace in books about Chinese history and its emperors. 12 He became known in his family as, the scholar. As a child [I was] fascinated by accounts of the rulers of ancient China: Yao, Shun, Ch'in Shih Huang Ti, and Hu Wu Ti, and read many books about them. 13 Indeed, the emperors grandeur, elegance and power were a sharp contrast to the brutish leaders that Mao was exposed to during his childhood. 14 Yao and Shun are credited with forming the first Chinese society in the Yellow River Valley; Ch'in Shih Huang Ti unified the Chinese empire and built the Great Wall of China; Han Wu Ti solidified the foundation of the Han Empire. 15 In the turmoil that China was to undergo, particularly after Mao became the head of the Communist party, we will see how he was guided by traditional Chinese values and the history of the emperors provided him with a map for the future. 16 However, at first, he did not seem strongly focused on history or philosophy. During the next ten years, 1909-1918, Mao drifted. In 1909 at the age of 16, he left home to attend school in Hsiang. 17 In 1911, he enlisted in the Army for six months after which he moved to Changsha the capital of Hunan Province where he stayed until 1918. 18 While in Changsha, he tried numerous schools. 19 Finally, he enrolled at the Hunan Normal School, graduating in 1918. 20 Mao's mother's died in 1918,

Beringian Standstill Hypothesis of the First Americans

Beringian Standstill Hypothesis of the First Americans The Beringian Standstill Hypothesis, also known as the Beringian Incubation Model (BIM), proposes that the people who would eventually colonize the Americas spent between ten to twenty thousand years stranded on the Bering Land Bridge (BLB), the now-submerged plain beneath the Bering Sea called Beringia. The BIM argues that during the turbulent times of the Last Glacial Maximum about 30,000 years ago, people from what is today Siberia in northeastern Asia arrived in Beringia. Because of local climate changes, they became trapped there, cut off from Siberia by glaciers in the Verkhoyansk Range in Siberia and in the Mackenzie River valley in Alaska. There they remained in the tundra environment of Beringia until retreating glaciers and rising sea levels allowedand eventually forcedtheir migration into the remainder of the Americas about 15,000 years ago. If true, the BIM explains the long-recognized, deeply puzzling discrepancy of the late dates for the colonization of the Americas (Preclovis sites such as Upward Sun River Mouth in Alaska) and the similarly stubbornly early dates of the antecedent Siberian sites (the Yana Rhinoceros Horn site in Siberia; for some of this discussion, see ORourke and Raff). The BIM also disputes the notions of three waves of migration. Up until recently, scholars explained a perceived variation in mitochondrial DNA among modern (indigenous) Americans by postulating multiple waves of migration from Siberia, or even, for a while, Europe. But, recent macro-studies of mtDNA identified a series of pan-American genome profiles, shared by modern Americans from both continents, decreasing the perception of widely varying DNA. Scholars still think that there was a post-glacial migration from northeast Asia of the ancestors of the Aleut and Inuitbut that side-issue is not addressed here, see Adachi and colleagues, Long and colleagues, and Schurr and colleagues in the bibliography. Evolution of the Beringian Standstill Hypothesis The environmental aspects of the BIM were proposed by Eric Hultà ©n in the 1930s, who argued that the now-submerged plain beneath the Bering Strait was a refuge for people, animals and plants during the coldest parts of the Last Glacial Maximum, between 28,000 and 18,000 calendar years ago (cal BP). Dated pollen studies from the floor of the Bering Sea and from adjacent lands to the east and west support Hultà ©ns hypothesis, indicating that the region was a mesic tundra habitat, similar to that of tundra in the foothills of the Alaska range today. Several tree species, including spruce, birch and alder, were present in the region, providing fuel for fires. Mitochondrial DNA is the strongest support for the BIM hypothesis. That was published in 2007 by Tamm and colleagues, who identified evidence for the genetic isolation of ancestral Native Americans from Asia. Tamm and colleagues identified a set of genetic haplogroups common to most living Native American groups (A2, B2, C1b, C1c, C1d*, C1d1, D1, and D4h3a), haplogroups that had to have arisen after their ancestors left Asia, but before they dispersed into the Americas. In a 2012 study, Auerbach reports that although there is variation among the five (admittedly a very tiny population) early Holocene male skeletons which have been recovered from North America, the individuals all have wide bodies, a trait shared by Native American communities today and which is associated with adaptations to cold climates. Auerbach argues that people from the Americas have wider bodies than other populations around the world. If true, that also supports the isolation model, as it would have been a shared trait developed in Beringea before people dispersed. Genomes and Beringia A 2015 study (Raghavan et al.) comparing genomes of modern people from all over the world found support for the Beringian Standstill Hypothesis, albeit reconfiguring the time depth. This study argues that the ancestors of all Native Americans were genetically isolated from East Asians no earlier than than 23,000 years ago. They hypothesize that a single migration into the Americas occurred between 14,000 and 16,000 years ago, following the open routes within the interior Ice Free corridors or along the Pacific coast. By the Clovis period (~12,600-14,000 years ago), isolation caused a split among the Americans into northernAthabascans and northern Amerindian groupsand southerncommunities from southern North America and Central and South America. Raghavan et al. also found what they termed a distant Old World signal related to Australo-Melanesians and East Asians in some Native American groups, ranging from a strong signal in the Suruà ­Ã‚  of Brazils Amazon forest to a much weaker signal in northern Amerindians such as Ojibwa. Raghavan et al. hypothesize that the Australo-Melanesian gene flow may have arrived from Aleutian Islanders traveling along the Pacific rim about 9,000 years ago. In an article released the same week as Raghavan et al., Skoglund et al. reported similar research and resulting genetic evidence. While their results are largely the same, they emphasized the Australo-Melanesian gene flow among South American groups, terming it evidence of Population Y, and arguing that the data support a long-standing theory concerning ancient Australo-Melanesian voyages to the New World. This model is over a decade old, but was built on cranial morphology and has not had genome support before this time. Skoglund et al. admit that DNA has not been retrieved from crania exhibiting the supposed physical affinities to Australo-Melanesians. See Was there Pre-columbian Contact Between Polynesia and America for additional discussion. Archaeological Sites Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site, Russia, 28,000 cal BP, six sites above the Arctic Circle and east of the Verkhoyansk Range. Malta, Russia, 15,000-24,000 cal BP: DNA of a child burial at this upper Paleolithic site shares genomes with modern western Eurasians and Native Americans bothFunadomari, Japan, 22,000 cal BP: Jomon culture burials share mtDNA in common with Eskimo (haplogroup D1, see Adachi)On Your Knees Cave, Alaska, 10,300 cal BP (see Perego 2009 Paisley Caves, Oregon 14,000 cal BP, coprolites containing mtDNA Monte Verde, Chile, 15,000 cal BP, first confirmed preclovis site in the Americas Kennewick  and Spirit Cave, USA, both 9,000 years cal BP (wide body form, see Auerbach) Charlie Lake Cave, British Columbia, Canada Daisy Cave, California, US Ayer Pond, Washington, US Upward Sun River Mouth, Alaska, US Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the Population of Americas, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Adachi N, Shinoda K-i, Umetsu K, and Matsumura H. 2009. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Jomon skeletons from the Funadomari site, Hokkaido, and its implication for the origins of Native American. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 138(3):255-265. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20923 Auerbach BM. 2012. Skeletal variation among early Holocene North American humans: Implications for origins and diversity in the Americas. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 149(4):525-536. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22154 Hoffecker JF, Elias SA, and ORourke DH. 2014. Out of Beringia? Science 343:979-980. doi:10.1126/science.1250768 Kashani BH, Perego UA, Olivieri A, Angerhofer N, Gandini F, Carossa V, Lancioni H, Semino O, Woodward SR, Achilli A et al. 2012. Mitochondrial haplogroup C4c: A rare lineage entering America through the ice-free corridor? American Journal of Physical Anthropology 147(1):35-39. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21614 Long JC, and Ctira Bortolini M. 2011. New developments in the origins and evolution of Native American populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 146(4):491-494. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21620 ORourke DH, and Raff JA. 2010. The Human Genetic History of the Americas: The Final Frontier. Current Biology 20(4):R202-R207. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.051 Perego UA, Achilli A, Angerhofer N, Accetturo M, Pala M, Olivieri A, Kashani BH, Ritchie KH, Scozzari R, Kong Q-P et al. 2009. Distinctive Paleo-Indian Migration Routes from Beringia Marked by Two Rare mtDNA Haplogroups. Current Biology 19:1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.058 Raff JA, Bolnick DA, Tackney J, and ORourke DH. 2011. Ancient DNA perspectives on American colonization and population history. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 146(4):503-514. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21594 Raghavan M, Skoglund P, Graf KE, Metspalu M, Albrechtsen A, Moltke I, Rasmussen S, Reedik M, Campos PF, Balanovska E et al. 2014. Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans. 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